Chip ownership data comes from Epoch AI’s AI Chip Owners dataset, which tracks chip acquisitions by major entities from Q1 2022 through Q4 2025. The dataset covers chips manufactured by Nvidia, Google, AMD, Huawei, and Amazon. We focus on the period 2024 through 2025 because Google’s TPUs are only tracked from 2023 onward and using less than one year of past data results in unstable aggregate figures.

Our Chip Ownership data does not capture all global chip ownership, and has weaker coverage prior to 2023. Q1 2026 data is excluded as it was not yet finalized at time of analysis.

The H100-equivalent unit uses a chip’s highest 8-bit operation/second specifications to convert between chips. The actual utility of a particular chip depend on workload assumptions, so H100e does not perfectly reflect real-world performance differences across chip types.