FrontierMath: Open Problems

A collection of unsolved mathematics problems that have resisted serious attempts by professional mathematicians. AI solutions would meaningfully advance the state of human mathematical knowledge.

This work was supported by Schmidt Sciences.

Interested in purchasing access to solution verifiers? Contact math@epoch.ai.

Problems solved by AI

Moderately interesting
0/4 SOLVED
Solid result
0/5 SOLVED
Major advance
0/3 SOLVED
Breakthrough
0/3 SOLVED
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Field

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Status

15 results
Unsolved

Hadamard Matrices

Find a Hadamard matrix of order 668

Moderately interestingCombinatorics
Unsolved

Ramsey Numbers for Book Graphs

Prove a tight lower bound on Ramsey numbers for a class of off-diagonal book graphs.

Moderately interestingCombinatorics
Unsolved

A Ramsey-style Problem on Hypergraphs

Construct hypergraphs as large as possible that do not have a certain easy-to-check, difficult-to-find property.

Moderately interestingCombinatorics
Unsolved

Finiteness Problem for Diophantine Equations

Prove that certain “small” Diophantine equations have infinitely many solutions.

Moderately interestingNumber Theory
Unsolved

The Arithmetic Kakeya Conjecture

Improve best-known upper bounds by constructing specific combinatorial objects.

Solid resultNumber Theory
Unsolved

Degree vs Sensitivity for Boolean Functions

Improve the exponent in the upper bound that degree has over sensitivity.

Solid resultCombinatorics
Unsolved

Surface with a High Number of Singularities

Present a KLT del Pezzo surface in characteristic 3 with more than 7 singular points.

Solid resultAlgebraic Geometry
Unsolved

Large Steiner Systems

Construct an (n,q,r)(n,q,r)-Steiner system with n>q>r>5n > q > r > 5, r<10r < 10, and n<200n < 200.

Solid resultCombinatorics
Unsolved

The 22-adic Absolute Galois Group

Give a presentation for the absolute Galois group of the field of 22-adic numbers as a profinite group.

Solid resultNumber Theory
Unsolved

Inverse Galois

Find a polynomial whose Galois group is the Mathieu group M23M_{23}.

Major advanceNumber Theory

Changelog

2026-03-05: We removed one problem from the benchmark, as we have determined that a solution does not meet our bar of being a publishable result in its own right. The problem page remains up: see it for more info on an AI-generated solution and subsequent human elaboration.

2026-02-24: We added two problems to the benchmark: finding a Hadamard matrix of order 668 and proving that certain “small” Diophantine equations have infinitely many solutions..

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