Coverage

We estimate that we cover 10-20% of GPU clusters by computing power as of early 2025.

This includes roughly 20-37% of NVIDIA H100s, 12% of A100s, and 18% of AMD MI300Xs. Meanwhile, we estimate we cover less than 4% of Google’s TPUs and very few custom AI chips designed by AWS, Microsoft, or Meta. We also only cover about 2% of NVIDIA chips designed to be sold in China (including the A800, H800, and H20).

The coverage of different companies varies considerably, from 43% for Meta and 20% for Microsoft to 10% for AWS and 0% for Apple. The coverage of Chinese companies is particularly poor. Our average coverage of 8 major companies is 15%.

From the end of 2020 to the end of 2024 we cover between 10-20% of total Chinese 16-bit FLOP/s based on an estimate by IDC (2025).

For more information, see Appendix C.1.1 of our paper.