Access the data

The data is available on our website as a visualization, and is available for download as a CSV file, with one row per field, subfield and month: papers examined and papers acknowledging LLM use. Rows with an empty subfield cover the whole field.

What LLMs were used for is available as a separate CSV file, with one row per field, subfield, use case and month: papers examined and papers acknowledging LLM use for that purpose (research, writing, literature_review, code_computation, other, unspecified). A paper reporting several uses counts under each.

The specialized AI tool lines for biology are available as a separate CSV file, with one row per tool, subfield and month: papers examined and papers that used the tool (any_tool for any specialized AI tool; one row per category: protein_structure_design, image_analysis, single_cell, genomics; mass_spec_models for mass spectrometry models, which count toward any_tool but are not a category; and alphafold for AlphaFold), from January 2019.

Use this work

Epoch’s data is free to use, distribute, and reproduce provided the source and authors are credited under the Creative Commons Attribution license.