# Epoch AI

> Epoch AI is an independent nonprofit research institute that tracks and forecasts AI development through empirical, data-driven methods. Founded in 2021, Epoch maintains the most comprehensive public databases on AI training compute, model capabilities, hardware, data centers, and chip markets. Our research is cited by the Stanford AI Index, the UK government, and major policy institutions. All data is freely available under CC BY 4.0.

## Datasets

- [AI Models](https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models): Database of 3,200+ ML systems from 1950 to present, tracking training compute (FLOP), parameters, dataset size, cost, and hardware. [CSV download](https://epoch.ai/data/all_ai_models.csv). [Documentation](https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models-documentation).
- [Benchmarks](https://epoch.ai/benchmarks): Performance data for frontier AI models across 40+ evaluations, including MMLU, GPQA, MATH, and coding benchmarks.
- [Epoch Capabilities Index (ECI)](https://epoch.ai/eci): A single aggregated capability score across multiple benchmarks.
- [FrontierMath](https://epoch.ai/frontiermath): A benchmark of extremely challenging mathematics problems for evaluating frontier model reasoning.
- [AI Data Centers](https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers): AI data centers tracked via satellite imagery and permit data, with power capacity, location, and construction timelines. [CSV download](https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv).
- [GPU Clusters](https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters): 500+ large-scale compute clusters used for AI training and deployment. [CSV download](https://epoch.ai/data/gpu_clusters.csv).
- [AI Chip Sales](https://epoch.ai/data/ai-chip-sales): Semiconductor shipment volumes and revenue across major vendors (NVIDIA, AMD, Intel, etc.). [ZIP download](https://epoch.ai/data/ai_chip_sales.zip).
- [AI Chip Owners](https://epoch.ai/data/ai-chip-owners): Distribution of global AI chip capacity across major companies. [ZIP download](https://epoch.ai/data/ai_chip_owners.zip).
- [AI Companies](https://epoch.ai/data/ai-companies): Revenue, funding, staffing, and compute capacity for frontier AI organizations. [ZIP download](https://epoch.ai/data/ai_companies.zip).
- [Machine Learning Hardware](https://epoch.ai/data/machine-learning-hardware): Catalog of 170+ AI accelerators (GPUs, TPUs, custom ASICs) with specs and pricing. [ZIP download](https://epoch.ai/data/ml_hardware.zip).
- [Polling on AI Usage](https://epoch.ai/data/polling): Survey data on AI adoption patterns across demographics and organizations.

## Research

- [Papers & Reports](https://epoch.ai/blog): Peer-reviewed and working papers on AI compute trends, scaling laws, hardware economics, and capability forecasting.
- [Data Insights](https://epoch.ai/data-insights): Short-form analyses and visualizations of AI trends.
- [Gradient Updates](https://epoch.ai/gradient-updates): Newsletter with expert commentary on important questions in AI.
- [AI Trends & Statistics](https://epoch.ai/trends): Key numbers on the growth and impact of artificial intelligence.

## Key research findings

- Training compute for frontier language models has grown at roughly 5x per year since 2020 (90% CI: 4x-6x). The largest known training run to date is Grok 4, at approximately 5x10^26 FLOP.
- The cost of LLM inference at a fixed performance milestone has fallen by between 9x and 900x per year, depending on the milestone.
- The largest known AI data center (Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle) has computing power equivalent to roughly 700,000 NVIDIA H100 chips, with about 1.1 GW of power capacity and $35 billion in capital costs.
- As of Q4 2025, five hyperscalers (Amazon, Google, Meta, Microsoft, and Oracle) collectively hold around 71% of global AI compute, up from 63% in Q1 2024.

## About

- [About Epoch AI](https://epoch.ai/about): Mission, history, and approach.
- [Team](https://epoch.ai/about/team): Researchers, engineers, and operations staff.
- [Consultations](https://epoch.ai/about/consultations): Commission custom research or expert briefings.
- [Transparency](https://epoch.ai/about/transparency): Funders, collaborations, and independence principles.
- [For Press](https://epoch.ai/about/press): Resources for journalists.
- [Contact](https://epoch.ai/contact): General inquiries and data feedback (data@epoch.ai).

## Optional

- [Podcast: Epoch After Hours](https://epoch.ai/epoch-after-hours)
- [Careers](https://epoch.ai/about/careers)
- [Privacy Policy](https://epoch.ai/privacy)
- [Donate](https://epoch.ai/about/donate)